Contents
General Introduction
Part 2 The Global Objectives
Part 3 The Empirical
Bases of Cannabis Control Policy
Chapter 1. The
Empirical Evidence Regarding Cannabis Use
Health Concerns
Safety Concerns
The Cannabis Market ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Extent of Use ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Patterns of Use ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Chapter 2. The Empirical Evidence Relating to the
Current Legislative Response to
Cannabis
Special Powers of
Arrest, Search and Seizure in Drug Enforcement ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
The Processing of a Cannabis Suspect
through the Criminal Justice System ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Police ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Crown
Prosecutors ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Judges
![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
The Processing of Information Regarding a
Cannabis Suspect ![WB00678_.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_.gif)
Discharges
![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Pardons
![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Problems Inherent in Drug Enforcement:
Irregular Methods of Enforcement ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
A Statistical Review of Arrest,
Conviction and Sentencing Patterns ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Arrest
statistics ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Conviction
statistics ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Sentencing
statistics ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
The Financial Cost of Cannabis
Enforcement ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
The Sociolegal Consequences of
Enforcement ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Public and Professional Attitudes
![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Part 4 Legal Issues and
Options
Chapter
3. Introduction
Chapter 4. Factors to be Considered in
Framing a Legislative Response
Normative and Design
Concerns ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
International
Considerations ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Constitutional Considerations ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Jurisdiction ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Non-criminal, or Acivil,@ offences ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Criminal records ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Defining Offences ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Importation ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Constructive trafficking ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Functional equivalence ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Chapter 5. The Legislative
Options
An Ordering of Terms and Concepts
![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
The Cannabis Control Options: A
Description ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(1)
Prohibition (Narcotic Control Act) ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(2)
Bill S-19 ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(3)
83-77RD ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(4) Full ADeeming Provisions@ ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(5)
Semi-Prohibition ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(6)
Transfer to Schedule G (Food and Drugs Act) ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(7)
Legalization (Regulation) ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
(8)
Federal Withdrawal ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
The Cannabis Control Options: An
Analysis ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Notes
Appendices
Appendix A: The Single Convention and Its Implications
for Canadian Cannabis
Policy
The
penal obligations: Article 36 and the meaning of "possession"
![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
"Possession" and other consumption-related conduct
![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Article 36
and the 1972 Protocol ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
"Possession" and the confiscatory obligation ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Amendment and withdrawal ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Summary ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Appendix B: The Constitutional Bases of Cannabis
Policy
1. Introduction
2. A Brief Introduction to Basic Principles of Canadian Constitutional Law ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
3. Federal and Provincial Bases for Cannabis Control ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Federal Jurisdiction ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Provincial Jurisdiction ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
The Doctrine of Paramountcy and
Concurrency ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Joint Federal-Provincial Control of
Cannabis ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
4. Specific Constitutional Issues Related to Federal Cannabis Legislation ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Parliament=s Power to Create Non-Criminal Offences ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Parliament=s Power to Control Criminal Records in the Possession
of Provincial
Enforcement
Agencies ![WB00678_1.gif (615 bytes)](../images/WB00678_1.gif)
Parliament=s Power to Authorize Confiscation of Cannabis in the
Absence of a
Possessional Offence
Notes to Appendix B
Appendix C: The Narcotic Control Act B An Elaboration
Appendix D: Extent and Patterns of Cannabis Use Among
Adult Canadians,
1970-1978
Appendix E: Offences, Procedures and Maximum
Penalties Under Eight
Alternative
Models for the Control of Cannabis
References and Selected Bibliography
Figures and Tables
Figure 1. Police Duties Relating to
Processing a Routine Cannabis Case
Figure 2. "Buffer Zone" Model
Table D-1. Adult Canadians B Incidence of Cannabis Use
Table D-2. Adult Canadians B Current Cannabis Use Patterns, (Gallup 1978)
Table D-3. Adult Canadians B Frequency of Cannabis Use
Table D-4. Adult Canadians B Cannabis Use by Region (Gallup, 1978)
Table E-1. Offences, Procedures
and Maximum Penalties under the Narcotic Control Act, Bill S-19 and
83-77RD
Table E-2. Offences, Procedures and Maximum
Penalties under "Full 'Deeming Provisions'" and "Semi-Prohibition"
Table E-3. Offences, Procedures and Maximum
Penalties under "Transfer to Schedule G," "Regulation" and
"Federal Withdrawal"
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