Contents

    Part 1 General Introduction

    Part 2 The Global Objectives

    Part 3 The Empirical Bases of Cannabis Control Policy

Chapter 1.  The Empirical Evidence Regarding Cannabis Use 
        Health Concerns   
        Safety Concerns     
         The Cannabis Market 
        Extent of Use 
        Patterns of Use

Chapter 2.  The Empirical Evidence Relating to the Current Legislative Response to                      Cannabis
        Special Powers of Arrest, Search and Seizure in Drug Enforcement 
         The Processing of a Cannabis Suspect through the Criminal Justice System
            Police
              Crown Prosecutors 
              Judges  
         The Processing of Information Regarding a Cannabis Suspect 
              Discharges  
              Pardons  
         Problems Inherent in Drug Enforcement: Irregular Methods of Enforcement 
         A Statistical Review of Arrest, Conviction and Sentencing Patterns 
              Arrest statistics 
              Conviction statistics 
              Sentencing statistics 
         The Financial Cost of Cannabis Enforcement 
         The Sociolegal Consequences of Enforcement 
         Public and Professional Attitudes 

    Part 4 Legal Issues and Options 

Chapter 3. Introduction 

Chapter 4. Factors to be Considered in Framing a Legislative Response
       Normative and Design Concerns 
       International Considerations 
         Constitutional Considerations 
         Jurisdiction 
               Non-criminal, or Acivil,@ offences 
               Criminal records 
         Defining Offences 
               Importation 
               Constructive trafficking 
               Functional equivalence 

Chapter 5.  The Legislative Options 
         An Ordering of Terms and Concepts  
         The Cannabis Control Options: A Description 
               (1) Prohibition (Narcotic Control Act) 
               (2) Bill S-19 
               (3) 83-77RD 
               (4) Full ADeeming Provisions@  
               (5) Semi-Prohibition 
               (6) Transfer to Schedule G (Food and Drugs Act) 
               (7) Legalization (Regulation) 
               (8) Federal Withdrawal 
         The Cannabis Control Options: An Analysis 
  
    Notes 

Appendices

Appendix A: The Single Convention and Its Implications for Canadian Cannabis                      Policy  
           The penal obligations: Article 36 and the meaning of "possession" 
               "Possession" and other consumption-related conduct 
            Article 36 and the 1972 Protocol 
               "Possession" and the confiscatory obligation 
               Amendment and withdrawal 
               Summary 

Appendix B: The Constitutional Bases of Cannabis Policy
1.  Introduction 
2.  A Brief Introduction to Basic Principles of Canadian Constitutional Law 
3.  Federal and Provincial Bases for Cannabis Control 
       Federal Jurisdiction 
         Provincial Jurisdiction 
         The Doctrine of Paramountcy and Concurrency 
         Joint Federal-Provincial Control of Cannabis 
4.  Specific Constitutional Issues Related to Federal Cannabis Legislation 
         Parliament=s Power to Create Non-Criminal Offences 
         Parliament=s Power to Control Criminal Records in the Possession of Provincial               Enforcement Agencies 
         Parliament=s Power to Authorize Confiscation of Cannabis in the Absence of a               Possessional Offence                  
    Notes to Appendix B 

Appendix C: The Narcotic Control Act B An Elaboration 

Figures and Tables

Figure 1. Police Duties Relating to Processing a Routine Cannabis Case
Figure 2. "Buffer Zone" Model
Table D-1. Adult Canadians B Incidence of Cannabis Use
Table D-2. Adult Canadians B Current Cannabis Use Patterns, (Gallup 1978)
Table D-3. Adult Canadians B Frequency of Cannabis Use
Table D-4. Adult Canadians B Cannabis Use by Region (Gallup, 1978)
Table E-1. Offences, Procedures and Maximum Penalties under the Narcotic Control Act, Bill S-19 and 83-77RD
Table E-2.  Offences, Procedures and Maximum Penalties under "Full 'Deeming Provisions'" and "Semi-Prohibition"
Table E-3.  Offences, Procedures and Maximum Penalties under "Transfer to Schedule G," "Regulation" and "Federal Withdrawal"